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Metabolism refers to the complex biochemical processes that occur within living organisms to maintain life. It primarily involves two key components: catabolism and anabolism.

Catabolism is the process by which larger molecules are broken down into smaller, simpler ones, releasing energy in the process. This can include the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to generate energy that the organism can use for various functions.

Anabolism, on the other hand, is the constructive phase of metabolism. During this process, smaller molecules are used to build larger, more complex molecules, which are necessary for growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues. Anabolism requires energy, which is usually derived from the catabolic processes.

Together, catabolism and anabolism form a continuous cycle that allows organisms to grow, reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to environmental changes. This interdependent relationship is fundamental to understanding how living systems function at a cellular level. The other options do not encapsulate the entirety of metabolic processes as effectively as catabolism and anabolism do.